What is the name of the concept that divides government power among legislative, executive, and judicial branches?

The concept that divides government power among legislative, executive, and judicial branches is known as the Separation of Powers. This principle is designed to prevent any single branch of government from gaining too much power, thereby promoting a system of governance that is balanced and fair. By delineating distinct functions and responsibilities for each branch, the separation ensures that legislation, enforcement, and interpretation of laws are handled by separate entities. This framework is a foundational aspect of many democratic systems, preventing tyranny and protecting individual freedoms.

Checks and Balances, although related and often discussed in conjunction with the Separation of Powers, refers specifically to the mechanisms that allow each branch to limit the powers of the others, thus adding another layer of oversight. Natural rights pertain to inherent freedoms and entitlements individuals possess, while the social contract discusses the agreement among individuals to form a government. These concepts serve different purposes in political philosophy and constitutional design.